Homi Jehangir Essay

Homi Jehangir Bhabha, FRS (30 October 1909 24 January 1966) was an Indian thermonu absolved physicist who played a major role in the development of the Indian atomic energy program and is escorted to be the father of Indias nuclear program. Bhabha was born into a prominent family, through which he was related to Dinshaw Maneckji Petit, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Homi K Bhabha and Dorab Tata. After receiving his early education at Bombay schools and at the Royal constitute of Science, he attended Caius College ofCambridge University to pursue studies in mechanical engineering. After victorious mechanical engineering, he pursued studies underPaul Dirac to complete the Mathematics Tripos. Mean slice, he worked at the Cavendish Laboratory while working towards his doctorate in theoretical bodily science under R. H. Fowler. During this time, he embarked on groundbreaking research into the absorption of cosmic shaft of lights and electron shower production.Afterward, he published a strin g of widely-accepted text file on his theories regarding cosmic ray showers. World War II stony- stony-broke out in September 1939 while Bhabha was vacationing in India. He chose to remain in India until the war ended. In the meantime, he accepted a position at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, drawed by Nobel laureate C. V. Raman. He ceremonious the cosmic Ray Research unit at the institute, and began to work on the theory of the movement of point forkicles. In 1945, he established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Bombay, and the nuclear Energy Commission of India three Electron-positron scattering was later named Bhabha scattering, in keep an eye on of his contri butions in the field.In 1936, Bhabha collaborated with Walter Heitler to formulate a theory on cosmic ray showers. They conjectured that the showers were formed by the cascade production of gamma rays and positive and negative electron pairs.The calculations agreed with the experimental o bservations of cosmic ray showers made by Bruno Rossi and Pierre Victor Auger a few years before. Bhabha later concluded that observations of the properties of such(prenominal) particles would lead to the straightforward experimental verification of Albert wizards theory of relativity. In 1937, Bhabha was awarded the Senior Studentship of the 1851 Exhibition, which helped him continue his work at Cambridge until the outbreak of World War II in 1939. In 1939, Bhabha went dressing to India for a brief holi twenty-four hours. In September, World War II broke out, and Bhabha discrete not to return to England for the time organism.He accepted an stretch out to serve as the Reader in the Physics Department of the Indian Institute of Science, then headed by ren admited physicist C. V. Raman. He get a special research grant from the Sir Dorab Tata Trust, which he used to establish the Cosmic Ray Research Unit at the institute He was select a Fellow of the Royal Society on 20 defect 19 41. With the help of J. R. D. Tata, he established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Bombay. With the end of the World War II and Indian Independence, he received a commendation from Jawaharlal Nehru for his efforts towards peaceful development of atomic energy.He established the atomic Energy Commission of India in 1948. Homi J. Bhabha was too a tight fitting friend of Jawaharlal Nehru and he, along with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, had played a evidential role for developing the Indian nuclear program as easily as education reforms in India. Bhaba founded and directed deuce major scientific institutions the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)of India1. He represented India in International Atomic Energy Forums, and as president of the United Nations Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, in Geneva, Switzerland in 1955.Death and legacyHe died when Air India Flight 101 crashed show up Mont Blanc in J anuary 24, 1966. Many possible theories prep be been advanced for the aircrash, including a conspiracy theory in which CIA is involved in order to paralyze Indian nuclear weapon programme. The atomic energy centre in Trombay was renamed as Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in his honour. In addition to be a famous scientist, Bhabha was also a painter and a serious music music and opera en gum olibanumiast, besides being an amateur botanist. After his death, the Atomic Energy Establishment was renamed as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in his honour.Bhabha also encouraged research in electronics, space science,radio astronomy and microbiology. The renowned radio telescope at Ooty, India was his initiative, and it became a reality in 1970. Bhabha has since set about known as the Father of Indias Atomic Energy programme. The Homi Bhabha Fellowship Council has been braggy the Homi Bhabha Fellowships since 1967 Other noted institutions in his name argon the Homi Bhabha National Inst itute, an Indian deemed university and the Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education, Mumbai, India.Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was an Indian nationalist draw who established his countrys freedom through a peaceful revolution. His beliefs ar shown in todays guild as an smooth heart of resistance to unjust rule. The life of the Mahatma was a long fight back filled with brutality and hardships. In order to understand passive resistance, we exit take a look at his hate-filled upbringing. Gandhi was born in Porbandar in the present state of Gujarat on October 2, 1869, and educated in right at University College, London. In 1891, by and by having been admitted to the British bar, Gandhi returned to India and attempted to establish a law pr carryice in Bombay, with little success.Two years later an Indian firm with interests in South Afric atomic number 18tained him as legal adviser in its office in Durban. Arriving in Durban, Gandhi found himself treated as a member of an inferio r race. He was app tout ensembleed at the widespread defense team of civil liberties and political rights to Indian immigrants to South Africa. He threw himself into the struggle for dim-witted rights for Indians (Gandhi, Arun). Gandhi was disgusted with the way his hatful were treated. This paper will discuss his religious and tendernessual point of view and the environment which c When Mohandas Gandhi returned to India from South Africa, he saw the British ruling India. The British brought most benefits to India but more costs to the Indian people, such as frugal. When the British persuaded farmers to switch from increment crops to growing cotton, thither was not abundant regimen for the country and millions of people died from lack of food. The increasing taxes and lack of food made many Indians persist on account of the British.The El flush Vows of Mahatma Gandhi-Their honoring and Relevance Kurangi DesaiAny of us who has attended a prayer meeting at a Gandhian in stitute is the likely to remember a chant beginning-Ahimsa sit downya Asteya . The two verses beginning with these boys enumerate the el counterbalance consecrates that Gandhiji considered al some mandatory for the inmates of his Ashram, in Sabarmati as well as in Sevagram. The el eventide vows are(1) Satya-Truth, (2) Ahimsa-Nonviolence, (3) Brahmacharya-Celibacy (4) Asteya-Non-stealing, (5) Aparigraha or Asangraha-Non-possession (6) Sharira-Shrama Physic bothabour or lucre Labour. (7) Asvada-Control of palate, (8) Abhaya-Fearlessness, (9) Sarva-Dharma-Samanatva- Equal respect for on the whole Religions, (10) Swadeshi-Duty towards neighbour and (11) Asprishyatanivarana removal of Untouch capacity. Of these eleven, the first five are found in nearly of the godlinesss of the domain and are c wholeed Pancha Mahavratas the Five great Vows. The remaining six are somewhat new estimations that dumbfound been given the importance of vows to fulfill the need of the time. The interpret of Gandhiji in the minds of his contemporary Indians was that of a political leader of superstar who brought Swarajya. Essentially, however, Gandhi was a Sadhaka, wiz who was in search of God.His ultimate goal was Moksha or the credit of God. Since he believed that do of man was the best way to realize God, he lived and died in the serve up of India, which in a mircrocosm, was the service of Mankind. That was his pilgrimage towards realization. In this context, the eleven were very(prenominal) meaning(a) to him. They were a part of Tapa asceticism and Self denial for Purification. Tapa is considered infallible in all godlinesss for elevating aneself savorually, for authorisation all over desires, as a check upon an unruly mind and for pavage the way to sacrifice for former(a)s all these leading to Moksha. But Gandhiji was a Sadhaka with a difference his Sadhana did not end with himself. He wanted to include hostel in his spiritual efforts and so he g ave a new property to the Five Great Vows and extended them into the remaining six. Let us make a closer look at these vows and their observance1. Satya -TruthTruth is the most important vow, being the very basis of all the others. The word Satya is from Sat, which means Being. On Sat depends true knowledge, known in Sanskrit as Chit and Bliss that is Ananda. The three together form the word Sachhidananda which is ace of the epithets of the Supreme Being. According to Gandhiji, Truth is God. Satya, therefore, was the pivot of the life of an Ashramite. Observance of Truth was expected not exactly in speech but also in thought and in action. iodin may respect what one should do if what appears to be justice to one person does not appear to be honor to other(prenominal). Gandhiji suggests that after due deliberation and small-scale consideration of the opinion of the other person, if one still feels his own truth to be truth for himself, he should take place it according to his own light. In order to be convinced about ones ability to understand truth, one should use as the measuring rod those who produce suffered for Truth and should himself be ready to suffer similarly.2. Ahimsa Non-ViolenceTruth and Non-Violence are like the two sides of a coin one providenot exist without the other. Using another imagery, Ahimsa is the path along which one reaches truth. Violence leads to more violence and hampers the clear vision which is essential for the pursuit of Truth. At a personalized direct Ahimsa consists in not only forbearing from physical violence in order to achieve non-violence it is inevitable to remove from the mind all hatred, all jealousy and all desire to harm even those who harm us. The near step would be to extend our love to all dungeon beings, including living beings like snakes, tigers, etc. At a hearty level, the goal of Ahimsa is to make out a nine where there would be no need to act in an anti- neighborly manner and hence no need for any punishment. This outhouse happen only when the economic differences between the classes get considerably contract down and when the erring members of order of magnitude are considered as their own brothers by the righteous.Top3. Brahmacharya- Celibacy or ChastityBrahmacharya normally connotes a inexorable control over devolve onual urge. An unmarried man who toss outs sex is called a Brahmachari. According to Gandhiji, however, this is a very narrow meaning of the word. Brahmacharya really means Moving towards, Brahma that is, towards truth. For such a person, a control over all senses is necessary. So also, it is necessary to keep himself away from auxiliary to social connections. In achieving this end, control of sex is perhaps most helpful, because sex is one of the strongest temptations to cause one to stray from the narrow path of truth. A sort out matrimonial relations are the cause of the strongest social bond, that of the family. Hence the importance in clined to the control of sex, which became synonymous with Brahmacharya. Control of sex, bottomland also help the Sadhaka to gain control over his other senses. Gandhiji believed that a celibate life was most congenial for the pilgrim to truth. However, married couples could also tread that path by subtracting sex from their marital life.Such a step would free them from undue attachment for each other and free them for service of mankind. It is obvious that Brahmacharya, like truth and Non-violence, should be adhered to not only at the physical level, but also at the level of thought. To harbour a passion in the mind, while practicing physical control of the senses is not really Brahmacharya. On one point, however, Gandhiji differed radically from the orthodox believers in Brahmacharya he did not believe that a Brahmachari should shun the company of women.He wanted the Brahmachari of his Ashram to live a life of service to society so it was inevitable that he would come into achi eve with women social workers. In Gandhijis opinion a Brahmachari should keep his public contact with women workers and learn to look upon them as sisters and mothers. If someone could adhere to Brahmacharya only when there were no women around, according to Gandhiji, he was not a real Brahmachari. part laying all this stress on Brahmacharya, Gandhiji was not unmindful of the problem experienced by the Ashramites in its day to day observance.. We are told by persons near to Gandhiji that he was completely aware that a number of the Ashramites were only partially successful in their attempts at Brahmacharya. Since Gandhiji himself never claimed complete success, he was satisfied that the Ashramites sincerely tried their best.4. Asteya Non StealingIn an ordinary sense, very few people actually steal anything from others, part because of the social dishonor attached to stealing. Gandhiji, however, gave a far wider connotation to stealing. According to him those members of the fami ly who help them-selves to bust facilities depriving the other members, are thieves. Even those who enjoy luxuries not available to the inflict strata of society are also thieves. So, a person who wishes to apply Asteya in his life ought to lead such a simple life that he takes for himself from society only his minimum requirements. In the Ashram, one aspect of Asteya, videlicet avoiding waste, was strictly observed. Nothing was to be wasted-food, water, clothes or even paper. As a matter of fact, Gandhiji would reply to a letter in the boob half he used to open addressed envelopes on all sides, gum them up inside out and use them again the idea was something more than mere frugality he wanted to use as little of the peoples money as possible for his own purpose and thus be as little indebted to society as possible. It was on this principle that he did not allow Kasturba the personal use of the gifts she received in South Africa for his public service.5. Aparigraha Non-Possess ionAparigraha is almost a corollary of Asteya. In order to follow the dictum of non-thieving one must have as few pos-sessions as possible. For Gandhiji, Non-possession was also a proof of ones faith in God. He used to quote instances of devotees who did not believe in keeping back a little food even for the next meal. Aparigraha also helped one in slowly giving up the attachment towards wordly possessions, an essential condition of a seeker of truth, which both Ashramite was expected to be. And yet Gandhiji realized that giving up possessions was no promiscuous matter. So, for non Ashramite she propounded the i have a go at it of assertioneeship. Possessions, particularly in the form of business assets or land, could not be given up without complications. So he suggested that businessmen and landlords should consider themselves not owners but trustees of their property.A trustee is expected to use the income of the trust solely to the advantage of the beneficiaries. In the case of wealthy people the beneficiaries are all the employees and underlings connected with the wealth. So, all income from the business or the land should be shared-with the employees or tillers of the land. The owner turned trustee should avail himself of the bare minimum, thus narrowing the economic gap between himself and his dependants. The image of trusteeship can be called a, slightly diluted social extension of both Asteya and Aparigraha. These, then, are the interpretations of Panch Maha Vratas. Let us now turn to the other six vows, which project the social application of these five.Top6. Sharirashtrama Physical Labour or Bread LabourGandhiji got the idea of Bread labour from Tolstoy. The idea is that everyone must regulate in some physical labour to earn his daily bread. An in enumerateectual or an artist or a person with any other ability should utilize that ability for the service of society, while bread should be earned through physical labour alone. Economic differen ces in society can be mitigated in this way. Even those professions essential to society-those of a teacher, a doctor, a pleader-the wages of the professional should not be more than those of a physical labourer. Gandhiji modified this idea into the c one timept of shrama-yagna. He suggested that even those who earned their livelihood through other professions should devote at least(prenominal) one hour every day to some kind of physical labour performed in the spirit of oneness with the poor.At the time when Gandhiji presented this concept to India, cheap foreign cloth was being dumped in the country by the British rulers to the detriment of our indigenous industry. So, Gandhiji revived the art of spinning and decided that spinning the Charkha should be the symbol of Shrama-yagna. The Ashramites were expected to spin for an hour every day without fail. This exercise was called Sutrayagna. Over and above this, he made it a rule that all domestic chores should be performed by the As hramites themselves, including a improve method of scavenging the last out of respect for the Bhangi, whom he later called watertight, the lowest of the low in the Hindu caste system.7. Asvada Control of PalatePalate being one of the senses, its control is obviously a part of Sadhana of the pilgrim to Truth. Gandhiji gave it a special place as a separate vow because he believed that control of the palate was inevitable for Brahmacharya that observance of Brahmacharya became easier if taste was conquered. Besides, conquest of taste was helpful in the conquest of other senses too. The most important condition of Asvadawas the conviction that food is meant only to sustain the body for service of others. So, to indulge the taste by a variety of culinary delicacies was against the spirit of Asvada. This vow was adhered to rather rigidly in the Ashram. The food in the plebeian kitchen was as simple as possible, without any condiments, some times even without salt. Individual familie s who cooked at home did not always develop Asvada to the consequence desirable. All the same most of these families had their own rules regarding simple diet more or less in keeping with the concept of Asvada.8. Abhaya FearlessnessPsychologists tell us that fear is a natural reflex in all living beings on par with hunger, sleep and the sexual urge. How then can one vow, I shall not experience fear ? And yet courage is the backbone of most other virtues. Gandhiji appreciated the importance of fearlessness partly because he used to be a timid child, full of all kinds of fears. Later on he consciously trained himself into fearlessness. The Gita places Abhaya at the head of divine attributes. Many poet-devotees sing the praises of fearlessness in spiritual life. Fears are innumerable.All of us are afraid of disease, injury, death of expiry of wealth, loss of prestige, loss of loved ones of displeasing our dear ones, of displeasing the boss, of displeasing society and so on. Some pe ople can get rid of some of these fears, others struggle to conquer other fears. In order to realise truth, it is necessary to remove all fear, which is hardly possible. A Sadhaka should, therefore, endeavour to rid himself or herself of as many kinds of fears as possible. The fear of God, which in other lyric means the fear of wrong doing, is one fear which no one should give up. This fear keeps us on guard against gain return of unwholesome traits of the mind and perhaps helps us in going beyond ordinary fears.Top9. Sarva-Dharma-Samanatva- Equal Respect for all ReligionsThis is a very important vow in a multi-religious country like India. One has a natural respect for ones own religion, and right so. But that respect need not lead one into contempt for other religions. All religions help their adherents to proceed towards an ideal life. All religions have had devotees who realised God in their own way. And yet no religion is perfect. Quest of truth being the moving spirit beh ind all religions, they are always subject to a process of evolution and re-interpretation. So one should never consider ones own religion to be the only perfect religion. On this ground, Gandhiji was against conversion unless it was desired by some one through conviction.All should study first ones own religion and then as many others as possible and appreciate the good points of all of them. In the daily prayers of the Ashram, there were chantings from the Koran, the Buddhist prayer, the Bible and so on. In South Africa a bhajan was being sung which said Dear to me is the name of Rama. A Parsi friend once suggested, Why dont we sing Dear to me is the name of Hormuzd? The plication took up the idea. That was the spirit generated by Gandhijis ideal of Sarva-Dharma-Samabhava.10. Swadeshi Duty Towards the NeighbourAs early as 1909 Gandhiji had found that India was filled with items of every day use imported from England. This was one of the main causes of the impoverishment of the c ountry. Then again, it was necessary to induce Indians to be proud of their country. In order to achieve this, Gandhiji after returning to India in 1915,researchedon Khadi, reestablished the forgotten Charkha and unfolded his theory of Swadeshi, for the rejuvenation of Indian frugality and Indian self-respect But then, Gandhiji was never satisfied with only the economic or political aspect of ideas. He gave Swadeshi a deeper significance base on an ancient ideal which says that ones first employment was not ones neighbours.Fulfilled in the spirit of love, that avocation was not to at variance with ones duty to mends further away either. It was in this light that Gandhiji said that the Swadeshi movement was not pestiferous to the British mill hand, as it saved him from exploitation of his Indian brethren. This spirit of love made the labourer in Manchester his mend when Gandhiji went there even though Gandhiji was instrumental in bringing about unemployment of the British texti le labourer.11. Asprishyata Navaran- Removal of UntouchabilityThis vow meant that Ashramites would mix as freely with so called untouchables as with all other people. This was, perhaps the vow most difficult to be practiced. Among the Ashramites themselves all were not free from the age-old Hindu belief that a person born in certain castes pollutes others by his touch. For Gandhiji ever since his one-twelfth year the ideal that any human being was inferior to another was not palatable. He always resisted the very basis of untouchability. He called it a cancer of Hindu Society. He had already started practicing the removal of untouchability while in South Africa. Then, soon after he returned to India he accepted an untouchable family in the Ashram. Several of the inmates, including Kasturba were sooner upset at this step the monetary aid that the Ashram was receiving all but stopped. Gandhiji, however did not flinch from his decision. The pettishness soon died down and sympathetic friends solved the financial problem as well.Later on Gandhiji gave the name Harijan to the untouchables and gave a great deal of his time to their amelioration. So these were how the eleven vows were observed in Gandhijis Ashram. They were quite well known in his lifetime. Even non-Ashramites studied them and tried to follow some of them to some extent. People ask us Are Gandhijis vows relevant today? My husband once asked a counter apparent motion Is a lamp relevant in darkness? The eleven vows cover such a vast canvas of life that one cannot say enough about their relevance today and tomorrow. In ending this resume we apprehend that these spiritual lamps would shed enough light on the paths of the people of India, nay on the paths of the people of the world to enable them to make this poor roily Earth a better place to live in.

How to Write a Poem About Lacrosse Essay

The general resolve of this vernacular is to demonstrate. The specific purpose is to luff how to consider a lacrosse hunk, choker a lacrosse orb and provenance the lacrosse roll. I am issue to show you the proper way to run into the lubber, the right way to catch the crank and the correct way cradle the ball.Everyone chill-lax, im going to mark you to the highest degree lax. I am the best person to give this speech because I have played lacrosse or so all my life and I am very good at it. This demonstration will be useful to you because if you ever want to try lacrosse, you will know some of the basics.The first part of lacrosse I am going to tell you about is how to shoot the ball. There are three main points on how to shoot the lax ball. The first is to keep your elbows and hold out and away because you slew get more power on the ball. Also it helps you aim the ball more precisely and hit the corners of the goal. Second is to take a spoiled drop step and twist y our hips is to create more power on your shoot. Lastly you need to follow through your swing. Its just give care in basketball and how you need yo follow through on your shoot or in soccer and how you need to follow through on your kick. Another part important part of lax is how to catch the ball because if you cant catch the ball you cant truly score.The most important part of catching the ball is keeping your hands in front of your body. If you do this you can catch the ball from almost anywhere. How you actually receive the ball is another crucial technique. When the ball is going into your stick, you need to bring the stick towards you so the ball wont pop out. If you just keep your stick out there the ball will hit your mesh and fly out of your head. The last amour I am going to tell you about is how to cradle the ball. If you cannot cradle the ball, when you are trying to move down the field, you will get the ball knocked out and taking away. A way to not let that devolve is to bring your stick up strongly and bring it down strongly.

Community Health Social Care Essay

Welcome to the tail end peak in Community Health and Social C atomic number 18 offered in partnership with a number of Further development colleges, and validated by the University of Wolverhampton. bag Degrees are a vocationally focused higher education qualification rigid at intermediate level in the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications. This foundation degree has links with local anesthetic and national employers ensuring that skills are develop through work-based learning, which is a major part of any foundation degree.This unite with higher-level knowledge and understanding reinforces and supports the development of vocational skills. Although the University of Wolverhampton has validated the foundation degree, the body of work go away take place in one of the partner colleges. In the following pages you will find a brief description of the programme, the facultys and opposite nurture that we think you will find useful. More detailed information about each mo dule will be given by module leaders during your studies. We have also included details of awards that you may wish to progress onto after you complete the foundation degree.We work near with the course leaders in all colleges. Arrangements will be make for you to visit the University. We look forward to seeing you then. If you have any issues or concerns that you wish to discuss please contact your course leader at your college. 2About this Guide The purpose of this guide is to provide you with information about the modules offered inside the Foundation Degree. In addition to the information contained in this Pathway Guide, you will need to be aware of The University Academic Principles and Regulations, which are available from the university sack up site.These regulations explain how the credit system operates, and the number of credits that must be studied at diametrical levels in order to qualify for the different awards offered. Each college will arrange their own timetable the course leader at your college will make you aware of this. All modules on the Foundation Degree in Community Health and Social Care are compulsory. On successful completion of the Foundation Degree, you will be awarded a bowl over. The University domiciliate also provide you with a formal transcript of your module results if you wish.If you decide to complete end your studies after successfully completing category One, you may be eligible for a Certificate of Higher Education. At the end of this guide you will find information on get on study at the University of Wolverhampton. Introduction to the Health and Social Care Subjects The Foundation Degree provides an educational opportunity for undergraduates who come from a variety of backgrounds. The Foundation Degree aims to provide appropriate academic health and neighborly kick teaching for a wide variety of students, from across the NHS and the health and social care arena.The award may be studied on a full or part time basis. Full details of this can be found by asking the contact at your local college. We may be able to award some students credits for peculiar(prenominal) modules if they can demonstrate that they have already met the learning objectives. This is known as Accreditation of Prior Achievement. Please discuss this with the tutor at your college in the eldest instance. It is expected that all student will have work produce (this can be paid or unpaid) within the Health or Social Care field.

Clean Edge Razor Case

masterblem Statement paramount has become a trade leader in global consumer professional personducts but knows that innovation is vital to affect success. preponderating has used technology to create an innovative razor, but wants to hazard sure that it is military posted effectively. Situation Analysis * Customers Male consumer products l earn been trending upward in the last decade. The customer atoms atomic number 18 broken up into three atomic number 18as affectionate/ stirred up, involved razor users, and uninvolved or sustainment users. Social/emotional are responsible for 39% of Nondispos fit razors, Involved is for 28%, and maintenance users account for 33%.In 2009 consumers razors and replacement cartridges at a mettlesomeer order than ever before. * Competitors Competition includes direct competition as good as substitutes for Nondispos fitting razors. In 2010 the three major players were predominant, Prince, and Benet & Klein (B&K). Prince mainly focuses on super- agio products. B&K entered the Nondisposable commercialize in 1985. in that respect are likewise new entrants which account for the rest of the market. In 2010 Paramount is expected to confine a 21. 4% dollar market share. * Comp each Paramount is a life-size consumer products alliance with $7 billion in gross clams in 2009.The current Nondisposable razor line has products in two the market and value customer fractions. The bang-up asperity s take over is the graduation Nondisposable razor produced by Paramount that has a technological innovation. Paramount is relying on the Clean leaping s start out to increase sales and earn more market share in the Nondisposable razor category. * stage setting In 2011 the effects of a recession are becoming slight drastic than in eld before. Customers have more disposable income and companies have more money to go along on investments such as media/ advertising and R&D. Collaborators (retailers) In 2009 food stores re presented 42% of completely razors and cartridges. some different distributors include drug stores, mass merchandisers, club stores, and other distributors. As SKUs increase, shelf space is increased to accommodate for all of the different products. Distributors are pass oning to increase shelf space because the margin on razors is high compared to other consumer products. Alternatives Position the Clean progress Razor as a respite product for highly involved groomers looking for a original shaving experience. Pros * Less cannibalization. Social shavers right now arent interested in the Pro or armed service razor. Paramount is concerned with the boilers suit availability of all the razor lines. By placement the Clean acuteness Razor as a niche product, the target equity of Pro and Avail wont be as affected as if the Clean Edge Razor was positioned as mainstream. The current customer segment for emotional shavers is 39%. With over 1/3 of the customer segment involved w ith emotional razor purchases there is a decent coat market that could use the benefits of the Clean Edge Razor. * The net operating profit based on pecuniary analysis is higher than the mainstream positioning outline.There are advantages of positioning the as a niche product. Advantages * One advantage is that customers give be more involved, so they volition take the time to question the product. After the consumer investigates the Clean Edge Razor, he go away be able to tell that there is a clear advantage and the Clean Edge Razor is the best option. * other possible advantage could be that Paramount could increase the size of the social/emotional market. Cons * Clean Edge Razor is losing out on potential sales because the market is much smaller. * Another con is the negative dent awareness.Even if Paramount created the greatest razor of all time, the brand wouldnt become stronger because only race who know most razors would know that Paramount is making technological innovations. Through a niche market Paramount would need to rely on their other razors to preserve relevant to the mass market. This could prove to be difficult as other companies continue to come out with new razors. harms * The investment fatigued on R&D to create the Clean Edge Razor was unquestionable it allow take longer to earn back the money spent on developing the Clean Edge Razor.Position the Clean Edge Razor to the Mass Market Pros * More people get out be subject to the product. This go forth lead to greater sales. This testament also improve brand equity. Through this positioning outline Paramount forget have a razor in each segment. * Although not as profitable, this positioning system lead nonoperational make a profit and build brand equity. Advantage * Paramount volition be viewed as innovative and keeping up with competition. A company that is stagnant falls behind. Through merchandising this razor to everyone, Paramount will be viewed as taking the adjacent step to create the best razor.Currently Paramount isnt working on any other innovative razors so this technology will have to be available to all different types of customers. Cons * One con is that not everyone will know how the vibration will help prevent a better shave. There are also a lot of people who dont need a superior razor they are content with the razor the way it is. * Another con is that the razor will have to be priced disgrace than if it were a niche position referable to competition. * Money spent on advertising. Based on the pro forma it would court roughly $12million more to advertise to the mass market.This is gambley if the Clean Edge Razor doesnt do as rise as forecasted. Disadvantage * Cannibalization. Currently Pro and Avail have 22. 2% of the volume of razors sold, the largest of any pair or razors. Introducing a razor in the same market with more features will damage the sales of both the Pro and Avail. * This will also negatively impact the brand power of Paramount when the rime are revealed and it shows that Pro and Avail are not doing as well as expected. * Based on financials this is the worst strategy to pursue. Recommendation It is meaning(a) for Paramount to grow the Clean Edge Razor as well as the Pro and Avail.I recommend that the company position the Clean Edge Razor for one family as a niche position and then position the Clean Edge Razor as a mass-market razor for everyone to use. Pros * Through victimisation a bit of both positioning strategies Paramount will receive the best of both worlds. One pro is less cannibalization of Pro and Avail in the first two years while consumers are adapting to the Clean Edge Razor. By the time the Clean Edge is positioned as a razor for everyone the 39% of people who have already been exposed to the Clean Edge will be able to differentiate this razor from the Pro and Avail.The cannibalization after the first two years wont be as severe because people will have already been exposed to the Clean Edge Razor. * A lower price when the product is positioned differently will lead to a bigger share of social shavers. The social shavers that have been paying a premium price will be happy to pay less money. The other social shavers that dont use the Clean Edge will be more likely to use the shaver because the price will be lower meaning the consequence of the razor not skirmish expectations will decrease. The sales will increase dramatically after the wink year due to more potential customers. Based on my financial statements the net profit is slightly larger than the niche positioning strategy by itself. * Growing brand equity and positive word of sass advertising through social shavers telling friends and family Cons * Regardless of the positioning strategy there will still be some cannibalization. * Social shavers whitethorn see the change in positioning as a recess in quality and think that a lower price will equate to a bad razor. * The incrementa l net profit may be too similar to the niche positioning strategy to risk damaging brand power. Implementation PlanOn January 1, 2011 I will tell production to manufacture the Clean Edge Razor just as if we were pursuing a niche positioning strategy. We will spend the $14 Million dollars in advertising on specialty antheral health and fitness magazines, television shows, and radio stations. We will also be relevant on social media sites such as Twitter and Facebook. There will be contests with our razors and customers will get the opportunity to spread word of mouth about the Clean Edge Razor. Paramount expects to make over $52 million, with most of that coming in the second year because the first year is mainly niche positioning.It is safe to say that $20-$23 million will be made in the first year. During September we will lay out a new campaign positioning the razor as the occasional mans razor with advanced technology. During this time we will also run a smaller ad campaign for the Pro and Avail marketing the razors as reliable and a staple of the razor market. This is why advertising increases overall in the combination strategy. Paramount is expecting cannibalization regardless, but using a mix of both strategies will help offset the large cannibalization from just using the mass marketing strategy.This will benefit Paramount as a company because Clean Edge Razor will be exposed to every customer segment while still trying to maintain the brand power of Pro and Avail. This strategy will benefit the brands as much as possible. Also, the financials in the Appendix concur this strategy over the niche and mass marketing positioning strategies. Cannibalization is inevitable but it is vital that customers from all segments see that Paramount is an innovative company determined to find new ways to benefit their customers. Appendix

Discuss the Reason of Rising of Detente During 1968-1978 Essay

Explain why fai take in1980s. During 1968-1978, The tensed dealings amidst 2 super force-outsUS and USSR relaxed. Both of them tried various inwardness to bring about peace such as closer communion and co-operations, Armament limitation etc. However, detente failight-emitting diode at the end of 1970s and marked the root system of 2nd stage of cold war. There were several reasons which led to the fancy up of detente and the end of detente. The First reason for the essay of detente was because some(prenominal) superpowers were flighty to reduce the bare financial burden on army expenses.Since both(prenominal) sides were trying to defeat one another during cold war, they attempted in weakening another one by producing thermonuclear weapons. According to statistics, The host expenses almost occupied 41% of the annual total expenses of US. USSR also suffered from life-threatening military burden. It was a heavy burden for both of them, therefore, they were willing to dece lerate down the armament race by producing little nuclear weapns. They choose the non-commitment policy which helped to ease international tensions in1970s. The reduction of military costs helped the modernise of detente.The second reason for the test of detente was the fear towards a nuclear war. Since tensions between them would increase the chance of the outbreak of nuclear war. They dared not to bear the take chances of devastating destruction of civilization of human race beings by nuclear war. As a result, they began to adopt a relatively moderate attitude towards separately other instead of being rigid. This help to reduce tensions between them. The tertiary reason for the rise of detente was because the two superpowers had learnt lessons from Vietnam war as well as Korean War.They knew that war was not a way to contain each blocs. The US paid a hude price for defending the free knowledge domain once muchst communism. The heavy casualties and expenses drove the the Statesns to reconsider the intervention policy towards world matters since 1947. Since America was on the verge of social revolution as a result, it adoptive a more conciliatory attitude towards the communist bloc in order to prevent a nuclear war. The forth reason for the rise of detente was that USSR wanted to use its resources to develop homes economy and to raise the living timeworn of its people.In addition detente benefited to USSR as it can increase the trade with the horse opera countries so as to develop its own economy. This can also negate the formation of alliance between china and America. The fifth reason for the rise of detente was the irrupt between USSR and China since the mid 60s. At the very beginning China and USSR established a close semblanceship as they were both communist countries which work together to confront against US. However the criticism of Khrushchev towards the long Leap Foorward and The criticism of Community Party of China towards the vie w of Khrushchev led to the split between USSR and China.After that, these two countries were hostile to one another. An build up conflict on the sino-Soviet border in1969 further damaged their relations. The split between china and USSR helped the rise of detente as US considered USSR as a less threatening foe towards its leading position in the world without the alley-china. This helped remediate the relationship between the two superpowers. The sisxth reason for the rise of detente was China and USSR were both feared of being isolated, indeed they would like to develop a better relation with US.The US promoted detente to keep them apart and a strategic balance of power among 3 powers was kept. Hence the tensions between the two superpowers was no womb-to-tomb as fierce as the 1st of cold war. The seventh reason for the rise of detente was that China broke its isolation by more contact with the due west for trade and support in modernization. This help the rise of detente as U s had a new alley which made it felt that USSR was no longer as threatening as before. Unfortunately, detente failed in 1979. Firstly the failure of detente was because of the Soviet invasion in afghanistan in 1979.The soviet sent troops to Afghanistan in order to overthrow a pro-us government there and extend its persuade to the Persian gulf for tremendous amount of oil which were supplied by the Persian gulf region. The US also needed to prevent USSR from controlling Afghanistan. This is the meaning(a) turning point for detente as both of them started to compete for natural resources again and this created tension and conflicts among them. This crisis triggered off their conflicts again. For example, the US Congress refused to ratify the SALT II treaty.In addition, the Us stopped its wheat sales to the USSR, president pry carter called on the international community to boycott the Olympic games held in capital of the Russian Federation in 1980. Secondly the failure of detente was because of soviet suppression of embellish solidarity. The USSR asked the polish government to suppress the solidarity gesture in Poland as it afraid that the movement would arouse the anti-soviet feelings among eastern European countries. The soviet suppression of solidarity caused the wide discontentedness of US and western countries as it had broken its promised of protection over human rights.The Soviet suppression of polish solidarity led to the end of detente as US responsed to the action of USSR by asking the congress for an increase in military budget in order to produced more armaments and setting up more inter-continental missiles in Europe for defence against USSR. This led to the end of detente as superpowers were no longer willing to take a moderate attitude towards each other. Their restart of armament race intensified cold war again. Thirdly, detente failed because The basis of star wars by US. And nearly 2000 military satellites were launched in space in 1980 s.The cold war intensified. To conclude, the reasons for the rise of detente were both superpowers were anxious to reduce the severe financial burden on military expenses, fear towards a nuclear war, the two superpowers had learnt lessons from Vietnam war as well as Korean War, USSR wanted to use its resources to develop homes economy and to raise the living standard of its people, the split between USSR and China since the mid 60s, China and USSR were both feared of being isolated, hence they would like to develop a better relation with US.And the failure of detente were because Soviet invasion in afghanistan in 1979, soviet suppression of polish solidarity, debut of star wars by US.

Marketing Executive Skills

Axiom steel (PVT) Ltd is a privately owned steel re-rolling steadfastly which consists of triple units and is located inwardly the industrial z unity at the outskirts of the city. Two of the heartys units be automatic which produce wire rods & whose end users argon the wire & electrode manu detailurers. The one-third is a manually operated unit producing reinforced steel, the end use of which is for bodily structure purposes.The Chief Executive Officer, who is also the proprietor of the firm, sits at the firms head perspective which is located 25 kilometers away from the output units in the heart of the city.Axiom Steel is currently facing all m huge losses, which the chief executive officer thinks is repayable to the firms return cooking deficiency, beneath /restricted use of the firms capacity and capacity & poor market strategies. The chief executive officer thinks he needs a respectable marketing man-to-man who can market his products and can arrive lineage to the confederacy and just then can the company survive, other shrewd the firm is heading for a shut out out which can payoff in not only a dented reputation for the owner & transaction loss but also several individuals who atomic number 18 relate to the firm, losing their jobs.After through screening and consultations, the firm hires a new individual at the post of assistant manager marketing whose main determination is to identify the loop holes in the companys marketing and grooming infrastructure and boost sales by formulating fitting strategies thus parcel Axiom Steel mills, which now poses to be a sinking ship.The fresh appointed Assistant Manager visits the various departments of the firm which includes all three units, their production technicians, marketing representatives, quality control and the firms spend house. A thorough marketing scheme discussion with the individuals and after discussing results in following points being put forward for analyses-The re is no proper marketing department of the firm, the individuals that be so-called marketing hoi polloi atomic number 18 actually being used for follow up of the orders, which be gain by the companys CEO and then transferred to the production floor. These individuals are being paid at price which is far below the everyplaceriding market prices for individuals working under such capacities and are working for the firm since a very very long time. A through interview also reveals that most of the marketing individuals do not posses a know degree in Marketing and are working on bases of turn out experience.The production cookery is being done in the head office without consulting the production capabilities with the production technicians. The production planning is carried out by the CEO himself with the squad he calls his marketing team. Since the CEO seldom visits the production mills and depends purely on the information presented to him by the marketing team he is un- aware of the ground realities often, orders are being shipped out late, which are resulting in customer losing faith and weighing for other vendor options.There is a intercourse gap between the head office and the Mills Production solicitude resulting in delay in production planning and preparation of the orders at mills end. This gap is also due to the fact that the CEO held the powers to make determinations and enforce to his management. The CEO belongs to an older propagation which is reluctant to learn new methods of communications such as the network (Although the installing is available for use).The fastest method of communication for the CEO is the communication via Fax and Telex. Sales of wire rods are restricted to wire and electrode manufacturers only and thus sometimes, there came a time when the units often faced shut downs due to lack of ordersThe two Automatic units which are producing wire rods are also capable of producing reinforced steel for construction but this capacity is not being utilized and the units are restricted to production of electrify rods only. This is also a reason for late shipments as bottle necks are being produced and the load is not shifted from one production unit to some other which is capable but not being utilized of producing the same product. The CEO is therefore correct in pointing out this issue as one of the reasons for current losses. After looking at above line of works, following strategies are being proposedThe company should adopt a proper marketing strategy for its firm. This includes injecting fresh blood in the marketing team, those individuals who are capable of victorious the company beyond a certain level. This means certain over hauling of the marketing machinery.The CEO must realize that if he wants the vocation turn over to increase he must then look after and take care of his people well In fact a policy of profit sharing should be introduced where the marketing individuals are given a c ertain %age of commission over their efforts to bring new business to the firm. If not, then the rate of payment must be increased for the individuals who have lost motivation in working for the company because of the poor compensation for their work.There should be a separate production planning department whose specialization should be the planning of order executions at mills. These individuals will provide the correct idea to the marketing individuals and the CEO regarding the timeline of orders from defenseless material stage to the shipment Ex-Factory.Each marketing individual should be provided with at-least a desk top side computer work station with internet facility and designated individual email IDs which they lack today. This will help the marketing individuals to undertake on marketing and transfer order execution information from their firm to the customer. Internet excess will also help the marketing people to search for new potential markets and fetching customers, also not to lug faster communicationThe CEO must realize that if he wants the business to grow, then he must delegate authorities to the individuals working under him as with the increase of business, a phase will come where he cannot handle things on his own. The CEO must introduce a level of Management which includes Top Management consisting of himself and his reporting General Managers, Middle Management of Managers and Assistant Managers reporting to the GM and the work staff that will be reporting to the Middle Management. This delegation of authorities and creation of Management drawing string will not only help in quicker decision making but also in fluent transfer of orders from top level to down.These are the points which are basics for an improvement in the marketing structure and in the communication and centralized decision making problem which the marketing department is facing within the firm. These together with a a few(prenominal) production related issues high lighted above, if addressed will result in come apart performance. If successful, more recommendations for improvement will be forwarded for perusal.

Concept Paper on Medical Aid Schemes

MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY Concept paper on the proposed nation Universities aesculapian Fund Distribution List Mrs. V. Chirasha / Deputy Registrar (Human Resources) Author Mr. S. Masiyiwa / Lecturer, surgical incision of Insurance & Risk Management 1. Introduction Healthc ar pay and function providers in Zimbabwe were not sp atomic number 18d by the scotch downturn of the past decade. close to wellness check uphold societies, practically collapsed when co-payments demanded by portion providers exceeded their globular limits on gather payaments. For example, patients were being asked to pay Z$10 billion specie as o-payment and the aesculapian aid society would only pay Z$1 million according to their tariffs. This mismatch, saw umteen clients, the allege universities included, ordureceling their social rank to such outlines and retaining the risk themselves, either caudexed or un storeho engageed. The introduction of the multicurrency system in February 2009 brough t the much(prenominal) needed stability to various sectors of the economy. However, the system was not endorse by signifi rouset foreign currency inflows and as a consequent economic activity has remained subdued. umpteen organizations are currently operating down the stairs capacity and are downsizing to remain afloat. This development has signifi usher outtly cut down inflow of contributions to medical aid societies, who although operating, are still to practicedy bump and offer total scale services. 2. Recent developments Contributions made to medical aid societies are made on the understanding that if you do not subprogram it you lose it. This is understandable as medical aid schemes are essentially risk pooling and sharing solutions and premised on the fancy that the misfortunes of a few should be met by fortunes of m either.However, the tight liquidity situation is forcing many entities to adopt modernistic risk forethought strategies intended to retain as much interchange as possible and only outsource those risks that exceed their risk appetite. The economic challenges of the past decade, we attendd as a nation overt the limitations of amends as a risk financing mechanism. We have all learnt that indemnity is not THE solution but part of the solution and that there are as well as equally good alternatives to policy.Some medium to large scale organizations have since created self administered insurance schemes to cater for a variety of risks they face in their operations, e. g. material damage, health, funeral, retirement fund, etc. Cell Insurance Company has spearheaded the credence of the concept in Zimbabwe through its rent-a-cell captive arrangement and today it administers a lot of these schemes. However, a worrisome development in Zimbabwe is the transfer of the superannuation and morbidity risk to the employees by cash strapped or unscrupulous employers. tardily most if not all of the offer university staff had no membersh ip to any medical aid or health insurance scheme. They were stipendiary for their health and related expenses from personal resources. The extent to which this approach could be utilise was obviously limited due to the low salaries and allowances staff is currently receiving. The state universities have started receiving funding from the fiscus and renewed their membership to medical aid societies. However, the concept is still the same if you do not use it, you lose it How many dates have been to the doctor lately, once, twice or none?Literally, medical aid societies are explicateting richer at the expense of the members, university staff included. Retaining in-house the contributions state universities currently pay to various medical aid societies and health insurance schemes could make a difference to the underfunded institutions. 3. Suggestions for the state universities It is against the higher up background that I propose that the state universities should consider setti ng up a matching independent medical benefit fund to finance health and related risks the state university staff are exposed to on a day by day basis.It is also proposed that both the employer (state universities) and the employees should make periodic contributions to the fund, the employer paying 80% and the employees get together the balance of 20%. 4. Costing basis According to latest military group records, the state universities employ about 3100 in total. Costing of commercial-grade health and self insurance schemes is based on the law of large numbers. The larger the statistical base, the more accurate the acquittance ratio becomes. Many schemes operating in Zimbabwe today actually started as in-house schemes with even few numbers, e. g. FLIMAS and First Mutual.The 3100 university employees constitute a sizeable number, to allow for costing of the proposed medical benefit fund. In addition to the level of benefits required, existing university clinic utilization figu res should be analysed and included in the costing model. 5. Advantages of the proposed scheme The proposed scheme has the following advantages Contributions to the fund should be lower as members leave alone not pay for medical aid society or insurers administration and wage margins. Interest from the investment of funds will accrue to the benefit fund Any profits will accrue to the benefit fund Benefits can be tailor made, improved and enhanced with time as the fund grows thither will be no disputes with medical aid society or insurers over claims settlement There would be a virile incentive by members to reduce claims and control losses Global limits can be change magnituded easily with minimum or no increase in contributions from the employer and employers Improvement in staff morale can be achieved thereby increasing productivity and the restoration of financial independence and dignity. 6. Disadvantages of the proposed schemeThe proposed scheme has the following dis advantages The claims statistics, which are used to decide on contributions will come from a narrow base A catastrophic loss (although remote) could occur in the formative years and wipe out the fund. However, catastrophe concoct can be separately arranged with jumper lead reinsurers for a very low premium to cover the fund against an accumulation of claims above the expected budget in any given accounting period. one-on-one small claims may not affect the fund too much but their aggregate effect may have catastrophic effects. cataclysm cover, described above can also mitigate this risk There will be need to employ additional staff to supervise the funds administrative matters. True, but use of existing clinics and facilities at state universities should reduce the number of additional staff required. There may be a temptation to dip into the fund and pay for unrelated activities. This moldiness be resisted by the board of care/trustees. In any case the business of the f und should be separate from that of sponsoring universities.If the dip is to be allowed it should be a loan based on prevailing commercial bank loan terms and conditions. Benefits from the basic insurance principle of spread risk will be lost. From the foregoing, it can be concluded that the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. The disadvantages, although real, are highly theoretical and remote. 7. Establishment of a skilful workings commissioning To expedite the process a skilful committee consisting of representatives from the state universities should be set up.The committee should consist of both management representatives (50%) and employee representatives (50%). This intended to ensure buy in at the early stages and also incorporated the various stakeholders interests and ideas in the scheme. 8. The mandate The adept committee must be mandated to carry out the following tasks 10. 1 Drafting of the penning The proposed benefit fund will be run according to its Ru les and Regulations as enshrined in its Constitution. The technical committee will be responsible for mechanical drawing the Rules and Regulations, which will include, inter alia ) The name and objects of the proposed benefit fund b) Board of management/trustees, appointment and composition, meetings, its powers and functions c) Membership issues e. g. eligibility, masking, termination, deprivation of membership, etc d) Subscriptions e. g. level, frequency and mode of payment of subscriptions. e) Beneficiaryship e. g. eligibility, application and termination of beneficiaryship. f) Schedule of benefits e. g. nature and amounts of benefits, eligibility for benefits, waiting periods, claims for benefits, rejection of claims, ex-gratia payments. ) Assets, liabilities, rights and obligations of the medical fund h) actuarial valuation i) Dissolution/wing-up of medical benefit fund j) Amendment of rules e. g. power, requirements for amending the rules k) General learning for members e. g. benefit exclusions, lodging of members complaints and requests, payments of awards not supported by receipts, payment of see well providers, list of approved providers, letters of guarantees for services provided outside Zimbabwe, shortfalls, travel cover on holiday, business or study. ) Promotion of the medical fund for bankers acceptance by target service providers and establishing working relationships with them 2. Benefit design The technical committee must develop a number of benefit options which members can choose from. I propose the following plans, that I have christened, for want of better names, the university premier plan, university medium plan and the university standard plan. a) University Premier architectural plan This would be similar to the CIMAS Medexec Plan/PSMAS Pinnacle Plan and is meant to provide executive director benefits for the principal steadrs and senior management. ) University Medium Plan This would be similar to the CIMAS surreptitious Ho spital Plan/ PSMAS Select Plan and is meant to provide members who want global limits higher than those provided under the University shopworn Plan described below c) University Standard Plan This should be the entry point and would be similar excel Plan from PSMAS which currently covers most staff. The plan will pay for mention and treatment received from Government, Mission, Municipal & Private Hospitals, worldwide practitioners and specialists up to a limit, per person per annum 3. Registration of the fund with the authoritiesThe technical committee should be mandated to register the proposed medical benefit fund in terms of the medical checkup Services Act, Chapter 15 13 and any opposite applicable and pertinent legislation. 9. Administration The technical committee should consider the following issues that affect the high-octane running of the business of the proposed medical benefit fund. 9. 1. Location of registered office and other offices. This could be either in Ha rare or Bulawayo with satellite offices at all state universities. Any other center could be considered for the reparation of the head office.My suggestion is based on the density of service providers in Harare and Bulawayo. Most members would be referred to these big centers for specialist medical tests and treatment. existing facilities could be used as satellite offices e. g. the existing clinics could be expand and resourced to offer a variety of services normally available from general practitioners. This will fulfil on costs. 2. Staffing issues Additional staff will be required especially for the head office. This will include the principal officer, finance manager, membership and claims administrators.However, they should be very few, because most of the work will be done from satellite offices. Initially there may be a lot of work when the office is set up but that should becalm with the effluxion of time. 3. Finance and claims administration This could be centralized at head office and payments to service providers and refunds to members made once every fortnight i. e. only on two occasions per month. 4. Dispensary It is advisable to buy the essential drugs from source and detect them in stock for use by members. It will also save on costs.Railmed currently operates such a facility countrywide for the benefit of railway employees scattered across the country. The state universities should use the existing clinics for a similar purpose. Alternatively, mutually beneficial arrangements (drug schemes) can be made with leading private pharmacies to allow members access to drugs without paying for them upfront. 5. Approved provider profit For the members to benefit, the scheme should be promoted for broader acceptance by as many service providers as possible so that members are not inconvenienced in the time of need.The management of the medical fund should promote the scheme and establish working relationships with all health service providers. This can also save on cost as it is possible to negotiate preferential rates. 6. Access to technical advice The state universities have a large pool of experts on their payroll. The technical committee should tap on that expertise. This will not only serve on cost but show the world that we can use knowledge to the benefit of mankind and practice what we preach 10. Conclusionuphill trends in risk management indicate that more and more organizations are electing funded risk retention strategies in an effort to contain cost and get more value for their money. State universities should embrace the philosophy and design and impose robust enterprise wide risk management strategies that mitigate the risks they are exposed to. For a start, establishing a unified independent medical benefit fund to finance the morbidity risk university staff are exposed to will be a good step in that direction. Proposed State Universities Medical Benefit Fund Benefit Limits Schedule General Practitioners, Speci alists, human race & Private Hospitals) Services Benefit Limits (US$) General Practitioner paying(a) in intact Physician specialist stipendiary in sufficient hospitalization insurance Prescription drugs Rehabilitative services Haemodialysis Paid in full Chemotherapy Paid in full Chronic disease drugs Paid in full Dental services Refraction Paid in full Optical Paid in full Maternity Paid in full Family planning Hearing aids Pathology Paid in full Radiology Paid in full Blood transfusion Paid in full Psychiatric care Paid in full Prosthetic appliances Ambulance Paid in full Air Evacuation Paid in full for life threatening situations only subject to forward authorization by board of management/trustees Foreign treatment local anesthetic benefit limit apply subject to prior authorization by board of management/trustees pic

Poverty in the United States Essay

destitution is a serious issue non only in third world countries only if also here(predicate) in the United States. Discussing the nature of unforesightful great dealness in the United States is outstanding be compositors case through understanding we will find solutions. Gaining insights into the issue of distress thunder mug be used to understand the complexity of the subject. Poverty has been defined as a state of deprivation of goods and services that essential to the maintenance of an fit standard of a persistness in a bemusen nine. Although the concept of poverty is considered relative, it cannot be denied that it magnifies the line concerning in touch onity in a particular society (Levitan). The struggle of poverty impacts masss day-to-day life. It is easy to overlay close to things in life hardly, poverty is not mavin of them. in that location be 633,782 homeless people in cities throughout the United States (St. Francis). unforesightful people have no place to live and argon creation exposed to natures elements, bacteria, and harmful illness can cause threat to the health of these individuals. The environment is being impacted as well, because in that location is nowhere to put waste or garbage other than on the ground.This is why it is important to gain insight and understand poverty so that we can help these people and the earth. When a person is living in poverty it is humiliating and weighs on an individuals self-esteem as well as their families and is very difficult to overcome. Poverty is not eternally a choice, but it is a situation that can be prevented. If people everywhere take something from every book, article or essays that has been written and atomic number 18 willing to recognize and do something about it then it is a problem that can be fixed. There is not a perfect mean or a perfect solution to the poverty problem but, the force back is to decrease the number of individuals and families living in poverty d rastically. There are m whatsoever families living in poverty and there are an equal amount of thoughts and opinions on why people live in poverty such as drug and alcohol use, domestic violence and foreclosure clean to name a few. Individuals have a difficult time winning care of themselves can you imagine having to try to provide for a family on next to nothing every day. Without a street address these families do not qualify to get welfare assistance such as food stamps, Medicaid, or housing assistance.Without housing assistance people are forced to stay in shelters and if they dont make to a shelter by a certaintime they go without a fightm place to sleep and without food that night. Some people waitress in long lines all day for a spot at the shelter only to be turned a itinerary because there is clean not enough space for everyone. A good way to still or even eliminate this problem is to build more than shelters or use some of the abandoned buildings in poverty stricke n neighborhoods for the poor people to sleep in. Have stipulations in these shelters that individuals and their families are guaranteed more than one night as long as they abide by guidelines provided, salmagundi of like a contract. So they are not precisely getting help they are in a sense helping their selves. contrastive situations have different solutions, there is a difference between a person living in poverty because youre a war veteran and just having a hard time and living in poverty because you are and addict and everything you have is spent on drugs and alcohol. In these newly built or refurbished shelters with these stipulations, programs can be offered to help transit into a better way of living. Yes, then there is the issue of silver and where will it come from.Nobody has money lying around just to give away so charity events, fundraisers, donations, volunteers and maybe even some help from organisation agencies would help. The tiddlerren of these families livi ng in poverty suffer most. investigate shows that poverty in the first five years of a childs life changes the life of a child compared to if they were to live in poverty later in life. This is because poverty is associated with poor nutrition poor nutrition leads to lower intelligence, bad physical development, and poor immune systems. Children take of proper nutrition during the most informative years score oftentimes lower on tests of vocabulary, reading comprehension, arithmetic, and general knowledge. The more severe the poverty a child faces, the lower his or her nutritional level is promising to be (Brown&Pollitt). Many children that are labeled bad kids with behavioral problems are really just lacking nutritional value. A child that is peckish is more likely to act out and have greater impediment focusing than a well fed child.There are government programs that offer assistance with nutrition such as W.I.C and Healthy Schools but the guidelines are very strict and fall short in qualification sure that every child living in poverty has adapted nutrition. So, this problem can be solved by changing the guidelines and do it easier for a family living in poverty to feed our future. People king say this is not my problem, Im not living in povertyso what does this have to do with me? Truth be told everyone is bear upon by poverty. As Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. said, There is nothing more dangerous than to build a society, with a large segment of people in that society, who tincture they have no stake in it who feel they have nothing to lose. People, who have stake in their society, protect that society, but when they dont have it, they unconsciously want to destroy it (Dr.MartinLutherKingJr.). jibe to the history of our nation, the safety and equality of the people of our society relies on everyone severally and as a whole nation as one. If thats the way the world is meant to be then why are people living in poverty treated so differently? Upper classify doesnt make you better than a person living in poverty, money doesnt make you bad or good and the aforementioned(prenominal) goes for poverty. The founders of our nation fought hard for a country where everyone is treated as a person equally but, that is not the case when thousands of people still live in poverty every day. Anybody that has ever spent a cockcrow at the Department of Motor Vehicles or stood in the line at the Post Office should understand that simply because the government is handling the problem, doesnt mean its being handled properly (St. Francis).The next time you attend someone a little down and out stop to give them a minute and see if you can help them in any way, remember that poverty does not make them any less a human than you. I believe the proposed solutions will work because if its believable than its achievable and our system has proven in other situations to be reliable so let use it for the good of the people of our country that could use a hand up not a hand out. For people to be sick on the street, forced to sleep on cardboard or dirt, and have to beg other people to help them is not forgiving or the American way and should not be tolerated any longer. working CitedBrown&Pollitt. Malnutrition, Poverty and Intellectual Development. Pollitt, L. Brown & E. n.d. Dr.MartinLutherKingJr. Letter From Birmingham Jail. April 1963. Levitan, Sar A. Poverty In the Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia. 1990 pages 478-480 Vol. 15. St. Francis, Nancy. Homelessness in America 2013. 2013.

C ivil rights movements Essay

This is a two-page, APA formatted publisher that summarizes the purpose of Leonard Crow marks, the purpose of the Ghost terpsichore and how the U. S. brass whole kit and boodle to undermine Native American communities. It is based on a unbowed story and is in relation to the novel Lakota Woman by bloody shame Crow Dogs. The story speaks about the hardship of bloody shame and the Lakota Indians. Leonard Crow Dog was a very important character in the novel, Lakota Woman. He was Marys husband and also a spiritual leader as easily as a political leader of the American Indian Movement of 1960s and 70s.His purpose was to help build Marys self- observe. Through Leonards support, Mary was able to rebuild her self esteem by performing speeches and by supporting the American Indian Movement. Leonard gave her a elan to do her own spiritual rituals which she believed helped strengthen her. Because of Leonards leadership participation in the AIM Movement, his son was raised freely in the traditional way of his Indian culture. Leonard was also the one who restarted the Ghost leap even thought it was previously forbidden.Due to the oppression from the Whites, Indians started a spiritual dance which they believed would deliver them from the oppression of the white men. They called it the Ghost Dance. The Ghost Dance was a way to relieve the American Native Indians from their extreme poverty, scathe and from the other hardships they encountered. They believed that the Ghost Dance would bring a messiah to them that would curtly return the lands to the Indians, resurrect their dead ancestors, and restore their former ways of keep (Richard P.Muniz 2006). White people feared the Ghost dance traditions believing that the dance was non proper and that the Indians would practice witchcraft on them. Therefore, the Ghost Dance was outlawed. The U. S. politics undermined the Indian communities through reservations. Indians were required to live a segregated life. They were toughened as second class citizens and to make them perfect for the Americans way of life, the government forced their beliefs onto them.The government greatly attacked the Native American connection way of life through sending the Native American children to an institution to break their ways of beliefs with the intention of molding them into a deferential American citizen of the white class. Using these shallows were a great kernel to electronic jamming the Indians way of life. The government really believed that the schools were civilizing the Indian children and whirl them a great opportunity for them to evolve into the white culture and Christianity.These schools were supposed(a) to help them to become first class citizens instead of second class. However, the government did not understand that this was not the proper way or means to help the Indian children or Indian people at all. They were already oppressed by Indian Reservations and then placed into a school system to strip them of their cultural beliefs and then forced to accept custom that were not known to their forefathers. Mary describes the government as civilizing them with their stick or another way to say this is with discipline.Mary states that, children were like the victims of Nazi ducking camps (pg. 28). The Indian Sun Dance which is another common tradition of the Indian culture and their community was outlawed by the government as well as the Ghost Dance. The Government forced numerous Indians into slum housing after taking their tribal lands. These slum homes had no electricity, plumbing, or technology. or so of them would have to live in the dark and in small cabins. Their way of living was very limited unlike the White Americans who had electricity and plumbing.They were unable to find employment due to racial restrictions from white people which resulted in high unemployment for the Indian culture. Many Indians were killed due to being accused for murderers they didnt commit. Mary mentions in the story that many Indian family members were killed. In addition, many Indian families were punished by the government for having civil rights movements with attempts to help their community to become strong. Marys husband was also one of the piteous ones who was thrown in jail many measure for his radical civil rights movements.ReferencesDog, M. C. (1990). Lakota Woman. New York New York.

The 19th Century American Art described Naturalism as

The nineteenth Century American Art described existentness as invigoration imitating nature and the artists of this period began focusing on real life situations. Naturalism literature began to flourish after the civil war and after the near loved Ro gayticism and Victorian literature. Naturalism focuses on the lower to pose class man in which he is a futile variety of a domineering universe of a hostile nature. Some frame of struggling for the fittest and the strong and predestined atomic number 18 the scarce sure winner.The Ambrose Bierce fabrication at Owl Creek pair is told by a troika party narrator. For a simple reason that a man who is unawares can non narrate his own demise? It says nonhing more of a man named Peyton Fahrquhar, a planter from a respected Alabama family the author fifty-fifty distinguishes him as a gentleman which befits his physical appearance. Despite of the mans description, the psyche in the story seemed to die a futile death giving stres s on the character of naturalism to which man is small-time as quoted by the narrator at a lower placehe . . original secessionist wedded to the Southern cause. Circumstances of an imperious nature, which it is unnecessary to relate here, had . . . .army which had fought the disastrous campaigns (Bierce, 2004)Cynical, questioning or mocking characteristics is vividly present along these lines,To be hanged and drowned, he thought, that is not so bad but I do not wish to be shot. No .. not be shot that is not fair.(Bierce, 2004)The story dealt more on the agonizing death of a somebody but it was more descriptive than sentimental. It is an unwanted way of dying and up to now there is no reason to stop it.The entire theme below is focused on someone who has experienced a few moments of life before death and another few moments after dying. His soul seemed to see and in a way could not even tell he is really dead. The story of the life of Peyton is a trample by step narrative ab out the ironies of violent death, as if a man could note of his own dying which can be paraphrasedTo die of hanging at the bottom of a river the idea seemed to him ludicrous. He opened his centers in the darkness above him a gleam of light, but how inaccessible He was still sinking, for the light became fainter .mere glimmer.(Bierce, 2004)His neck ached horribly his brain was on fire, his heart, speed faintly, gave a great leap, trying to force itself out at his mouth. His unit of measurement body was wrenched with an insupportable anguish (Bierce) 2004.The two lines below were skillfully displace by the author and I must say that he has like an expert given the most significant characteristic to the story by define life and imitating nature. He uses the forest and trees, even the detail of a alternate and those that inhabits itincluding the morning dewdrops. He described nature just as he describes a new life that is to be unfolding.the forest on the rely of the stream trees, the leave ,, veining of each leaf he saw the very insects noted the prismatic colors in all the dewdrops million blades of grass. The gnats that danced..the eddies . . . the thrashing of the dragon flies wings, the strokes water spiders legs, like oars which had lifted their boat all these make audible music.(Bierce)2004.A fish slid along beneath his eyes and he heard the rush of its body parting the water.(Bierce) 2004.This brief sentence above almost completed the story the author wanted to conclude, that death has receive and the heavens could be so near. As if describing that the soul came out from the eye and it moves thru the waters. Bierce in his few words was able to describe a real life situation which is one of the most interesting characteristic of a naturalistic piece ply. That after life naturally comes death.Peyton Fahrquhar was dead his body, with a upset neck, swung gently from side beneath the timbers of the Owl Creek bridge.(Bierce) 2004.Though th e whole work is a literary genius, it leaves a mark of pessimism on the part of the reader. Pessimism in the sense that the character of the story was never given a chance. He was doomed simply because of a circumstance that is beyond the control of the person being told. There was no hope but a conceive of or it could be real that the characters soul transcended only to be able to look for his love ones. Even in this slam we can see that there is a big division. There is liking to be with someone and yet the story emphasizes more on losing. The no-count part of it is for an observer to have an impression that not all prayers are answered and an urgent question that need to be asked where is God why did he allowed such fate?REFEENCESBierce, 2004 A. An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge Electronic Version. Retrieved 24 September 2007 from

Obesity: Nutrition and Fast Food Essay

Throughout the past ten years, puerility obesity judge have skyrocketed in the get together States. Many experts and studies claim that p arnts be the ones to fault for their childrens unhealthy consume habits. However, today kids live in a world where marketing innovations have made eating lush viands the norm, so how much influence do p arnts really have on their children? In my view, Americas childhood obesity epizootic is a direct result of solid- fodder marketing techniques that expand crusadements throughout tutors, promote rubble aliment on television set, and increase portion sizes in restaurants.Schools are omnipotent marketing sites of betting food, seeing as they provide students the option of eating from outlets such as McDonalds and Pizza Hut on a daily basis. author, David Barboza claims how numerous schools have special agreements with prodigal-food reachs to sell their products. For example, he mentions how, Vending machines now dominate school corri dors. Coca-Cola and PepsiCo have pouring rights contracts in hundreds of schools nationwide, (2). By offering sugary beverages and other snacks all over camp employments, schools are advocating unhealthy eating habits that in turn lead to obesity. When educators straighten out fast food available at their schools, they are increasing funding soon enough they are providing students with meals that contain hundreds of kilocalories.Although many schools do not have contracts with fast food companies, they still make fling food accessible by having special days dedicated to fast food. For example, author Barboza describes how a school in Garden City, Kansas has Pizza Hut Days, (2). Ultimately, by virtue of computer programing days where fast food is often the only lunch option, schools are forcing students to decide between preparing their testify meals or simply consuming the junk food that they offer. Since many students are not able to urinate their own meals, they end up con suming an incredible amount of calories from the fast food offered at the school that eventually leads to obesity. All over the United States, schools advertise fast food in order to make profits and do not pay attention to how they are influencingchildhood obesity pass judgment. unconnected from schools, television is one of the most influential marketing mediums for the selling of fast food to children because advertisements are constantly impacting kids via childrens networks such as Disney highway or Nickelodeon. Barboza claims that fast food advertisements using program characters as pitchmen are taking over television channels. For instance, he describes how SpongeBob SquarePants has his own show, but alike sells Kraft Macaroni & Cheese, Popsicles, Kleenex, etc, (2). Barboza then discusses how Nicky Greenberg who is six years old knows the SpongeBob SquarePants song and chuck Kellogs Cinnamon Toast Crunch because she loves the commercials that feature SpongeBob (2-3).Throu gh the use of a Nickelodeon characters such as SpongeBob, television is influencing young kids to contrive unhealthy eating habits that can lend to obesity or oddball 2 Diabetes. Fast food companies take advantage of these well-known television characters and use them as pitchmen to increase their profits, without caring that by promoting their high calorie foods they are in turn expanding waistlines. All in all cogent fast-food advertisements on television are making kids be breatheve a lie that the consumption of junk food does not lead to obesity.Another authoritative advertising technique that contributes to childhood obesity is the increase of portion sizes. Writer David Zinczenko describes how fast food companies add on various ingredients and sugary beverages that make even a healthy meal unhealthy. For example, he describes a yellowed salad that initially contains 150 calories, but turns out to be more than 1,040 calories with the surplus almonds, noodles, dressing, an d Coke (10). Not only are portions increase in fast food restaurants by adding more ingredients to the meal, but also by tops(predicate)-sizing foods.For instance, writer Susan Brownlee communicates how McDonalds supersized its products when they introduced the 32 ounce super size soda and super size fries (5). Whether fast-food restaurants add more items to the overall meal or make food bigger, kids essentially end up consuming unessential calories and this gives rise to obesity at an early age. As soon as fast food restaurants change their portion sizes, childhood obesity rates leave begin to decrease because kids will consume fewer calories. Although an increased portionsizes bring in high profits now, this process will deteriorate when consumers see how the extra calories are affecting their lives.Overall hemorrhoid of fast-food marketing techniques are at fault for the childhood obesity epidemic in the United States. Yet the most influential of these techniques are the adver tisements in schools and on television, as well as the increase of servings at chain restaurants. Critics might say, that parents must take the personal responsibility to prohibit children from observation certain channels or going to certain places. However, what happens when children are at their friends house where there are no restrictions on T.V., or out and about with their friends at the malls food court, who protects them then? One way to resolve increasing childhood obesity rates due to persuasive fast food promotions is to inform kids how to prepare healthier meals. Unless people take action against fast food marketing, childhood obesity will remain a problem across the United States.

American Indian Women and Community Issues

America, where representations of Indian custody and women perform stereotyped Noble/Savage or Princess/Squaw functions, depending on their relationships with discolors. The princess figure is a convert who rejects or is rejected by her let people for her transgressive attraction to lily-white culture or white individuals, and who whitethorn die as a result. The squaw denotes a shameful sexuality that taints the men she associates with (hence the derogatory term squaw man).Mixed-race relationships, especially those amidst Indian women and white men, are one way in which the landscape and resources of the American wolfram were represented cinemati rallyy as available for sexual, economic, and sociopolitical exploitation. Silent Westerns andIndian dramas from 1908 to 1916 provide a remarkable window on Euro-American popular culture representations of the encounter between tribal peoples and the United maintains military and educational establishments.These early Westerns, many of them instantly unknown or unavailable outside of archives, provide a abstruse narrative that depicts the white family on the land emerging from the broken foot of a previous mixed-race marriage, and that equates children, land, and gold as the spoils of failed romance, not of war. The ordeal of separating children from their families and cultures by means of the Indian boarding school policy and the trauma of their return base as outsiders is fully recognized in silent Westerns, which were produced during a period when federal Indian policy encouraged both assimilation and removal from the land.In these tales of interracial romance, captivity, and adoption, defining narrative features include doubling, mistaken identity, and the social and geographical displacement and wink-stringer of persons. Such narrative strategies reflected the physical acts of displacement and replacement that have been hallmarks of U. S. American Indian policy, from Indian Removal and the Indian Wars finished the slow erosion of reservation lands in the twentieth century.Indian men and women ultimately choose to return to their tribes, depicting a latent, racially based call of the wild that could reclaim eastern-educated Indian and mixed-blood children from their new lives. Another turn-of-the-century catch-phrase for this idea that the assimilated or educated Indian would simply return to the reservation and abandon white teachings was back to the blanket, again emphasizing clothing as an indicator of racial and cultural allegiance.The Derelict, emphasize the strength of Indian women and moral weakness of white men in cross-racial relationships. Hollywoods silent era did not change the general negative cultural stereotypes more or less congenital Americans, but it did produce a large number of Westerns and documentaries that offered alternative viewpoints influenced by the indigenous writers and filmmakers, reform movements, and racial theories that were widespread at the time.Films about mixed-race romance and mixed-race children in the first and second decades of the twentieth century articulated and influenced public opinion about Native American assimilation (particularly about the taking of land and children through the Dawes turn of events and the boarding-school system), as well as public and academic speculation about the nature of race and culture. The films consistently contrast the acquisition of land and exporting of gold, oil, and children from the West with the importance and value of family and even tribal obligationsWORKS CITED Aleiss, Angela. 1995. Native Americans. The strike Silents. Cineaste . Allred, Christine Edwards. 2001. Harpers Indians Representing Native America in Popular powder store Culture Los Angeles, Babcock, Barbara. 1996. First Families Gender, Reproduction and the Mythic Southwest. The Great Southwest of the Fred Harvey fraternity and the Santa Fe Railway. Ed. Barbara Babcock and Marta Weigle. Phoenix Heard Museum. 207-17. Bataille, Gretchen M. , and Charles P.Silet, Eds. 1980. The Pretend Indians Images of Native Americans in the Movies. Ames Iowa State UP, Bergland, Renee L. The National Uncanny Indian Ghosts and American Subjects. Hanover UP of New England, 2000. Berkhofer, Robert F The White Mans Indian Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present. New York random House, 1979. Bernardi, Daniel, Ed. The Birth of Whiteness Race and the Emergence of U. S. Cinema. New Brunswick Rutgers UP, 1996. Bhabha, Homi.1994. The Location of Culture. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge. Bolt, Christine. 1987. American Indian Policy and American Reform Case Studies of the melt down to Assimilate the American Indians. London Allen & Unwin. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1990. The Logic of Practice. Trans. Richard Nice. Cambridge Polity. Brownlow, Kevin. 1979. The War, the West, and the Wilderness. New York Knopf. Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender throw out of kilter Feminism and the Subvers ion of Identity. New York and London Routledge.

The Evaluation of TOEFL test

The running play is utilize in college admissions for non-native incline address students to an English- peaking country purposes. Although it provides scores of try on takers so that college administrators net know their English proficiency directly, the strain is not maneuver at ranking. The visitation divides criteria into four persona narration, auditory sense, speaking and motif. According to process, get a lineing comprehension is the low gear part should be mensural. This part evidences test takers baron to comprehend academic cultivation materials.In this fancye section, the format of head words Is multiple choices and content of test questions Involves In various ways such as testing vocabulary, enlarge, and plaza Ideas. To avoid creating an return to examinees In any ane field of study, qualified context Is provided so that no specific subject fucking be used to manage the questions. It is a big advantage of the test. Moreover, some other ad vantage is like that, delinquent to diversified questions, it dos learners to know how to get information effectively in a limited cadence.It to a fault encourages test takers to read more than than academic materials involving in different bea and critically mobilise how to read deferent academic articles when they are learning. However, the questions of reading test mostly imbibe multiple choice rather than short answer. It may limit takers to telephone more or so their own opinion. For example, when testing around vocabulary, the question but gives four choices and asks examinees to choose the best one. Actually, there are alike go for a lot of words post be selected.The goal of the question Is to assess test takers about their judgment of this word. Therefore, I come back If questions may ask examinees to frame down their own words base on their comprehension that Is better. In the listening section, it involves in dialogues and academic talks. The purpose o f this section is to test listening comprehension in academic environment. In other words, it measures test takers ability of listening for basic comprehension, listening for pragmatic understanding and to connect and assent ideas presented in multiple information sources.Like reading section, the formats of questions as well as adopt various ways. Moreover, examinees note taking can be good and improved from the listening test. Dialogues and lectures talking will last more than one minute. To most of them, they cannot memorize the whole content without noting. Therefore, how to write down come across information in a limited era can be a skill for test takers who will study In an academic atmosphere. Furthermore, diverse formats provide a good opportunity for them to realize how to keep in line essential Information with recovering different ways.The speed of listening Is ruler speed and sometimes, the listening test involves in different voices of pronunciation to string test takers know and listening test as we discussed above. I think the way that listening test needs to improve is similar to reading test. It in addition means that using dependent questions replace multiple choices can be thought. Next part is speaking test. This section will test ability to communicate effectively in a variety of situations.The ability of synthesizing and summarizing what test takers perk up read in their textbooks and heard in and out of doors of the class, the skill of forming their own opinions in response to the information they set about processed, well-developed, transparent and clear idea with effective use of grammar, and good pronunciation and inflection these are main goals to assess speaking ability. The strength of this part is to combine reading with speaking and to provide opinion-based questions. Moreover, the degree of each question be time-tested is gradually harder.The topic for examinees may also from familiar to a little hard to unde rstand. In my opinion, the speaking test can be a bad section as well as a good one in TOEFL. The good way is that it not vertical evaluates speaking ability in academic way but also involves in common environment. It not just has output but stimulant first-class honours degree such as reading, and then speaking. Nevertheless, due to the test is based on Internet, that is, speaking section also needs to be tested in the computer, and it brings a problem.Compared with talking to examiners, it is not flexible. It has no communication amongst examinees and examiners. For my perspective, test takers also may feel anxiety because there has no response when hey speak and feel nervous or without good prep to speak due to time limited. The last component in TOEFL is the composing section. It measures ability to write in standard academic English. It divides into two parts interconnected make-up task and independent writing task.The goal of the first part integrated writing task asks examiners to demonstrate that they have tacit material coming from different sources (reading and listening) and to combine the information from those sources in a coherent, well organized, summarized written form to draw conclusions of the important points. The independent writing task aims to measure the students ability to state their opinions or express their comments on topics which are based on their personal knowledge and experience. In general, if test takers deficiency to get a elevateder score, they should know steps of strive and practice more in academic ways.The good thing of this TOEFL writing test is using academic materials to integrate reading and listening to write a summary. Although topic of independent writing task is not undeniable referring to academic issues, the writing steps should follow in academic steps. Moreover, owe to computer-based writing, the score is not influenced by handwriting. Nevertheless, it may also be a problem due to time limit espec ially for some plenty who are not good at typing or have not well speediness. It is a little hard to deal with bar encouraging these persons to practice more about their typing.To sum up, I think TOEFL test is a good test though it brings some contend to me. There have a lot of benefits of this test. Firstly, it ensures that test- takers are being measured objectively on the same material. The grading is standardized based on rubrics provided by TEST, so test scores are the same no matter whom or what is scoring them. Secondly, there is no age, no sexual activity and no nationality limit for taking the test. Anyone who wants to assess their English language cognitive process especially for people who need to study aboard in English feedback.When persons received their result, score will definitely appear in their paper and evaluation of each section will be provided so that examinees are able to know the strength and failing of themselves in general ways. Finally, the speaking and writing parts integrate some input tasks such as reading and listening to test rather than be measured separately. The integrated tasks may be considered more Hellenizing in the test will help learners build the confidence needed to communicate in the academic environments they plan to enter because students need to be able to combine their language skills in the classroom.Appropriate challenge will improve learners to more think about their helplessness of language learning and hence to find effective ways they can develop. However, there still have some limitations in the test. In the first place, although test takers can be offered some feedbacks from the organization, the feedbacks of scores honourable alter the degree of their performance. They cannot get more individual feedback about the strength and weakness they have according to the test. Likewise, each level still has its deviation.Even though examinees can get same level of sections for each test, they may confus e about the score why last time they can get a high score whereas this time is a low score. In the minute place, I feel the time arrangement also has its problem. In general, the test will last three hours at least but Just ten minutes for break from morning to afternoon. For many test takers, the time may make them feel exhausted and influence their performance more or less. In the third place, the procedure of the test may also have its weakness.In order to avoid cheating in the test, examiners require learners to answer extra section such as reading or listening based on different individuals randomly. Hence, it will result in the time of speaking section beginning different. It is unfair to the individuals who are doing speaking primarily while others who are still doing reading or listening part can have a chance to listen others speaking and have more time to prepare during the break. The final point I want to mention is that there have a lot of test supply for each section test.Learners will make more focus on searching or studying methods in order to get a higher score rather than improve their language ability. As we discussed above the limitation, not all can get right solution. But I think we still are able to find some ways to improve. Firstly, the examiners can provide rubrics of each specific score for test takers or else of the level of performance. That is, I think they need to list more details of each point and make learners more better understanding about why they can get this point and why they cannot get. The feedback should mainly devise individuals strength and weakness instead of general errors.The general problem also can be placed in the reflection but not in the domain way. Secondly, when talking about dealing with the procedure, I think administers may provide another place for test takers about test speaking. In other words, when finishing their reading and listening part, examiners need to go the place which dedicated to spea king test after having a rest. Finally, due to various test preparation, in my opinion, I believe that form of variegation can be a good way to assess. For example, applying more open questions instead of multiple choices may be helpful for improving learners high order thinking.